求2012北科大英语复试题目，类型……

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Not too many decades ago it seemed "obvious" both to the general public and to sociologists that modern society has changed people's natural relations, loosened their responsibilities to kin (亲戚) and neighbors, and substituted in their place superficial relationships with passing acquaintances. However, in recent years a growing body of research has revealed that the "obvious" is not true. It seems that if you are a city resident, you typically know a smaller proportion of your neighbors than you do if you are a resident of a smaller community. But, for the most part, this fact has few significant consequences. It does not necessarily follow that if you know few of your neighbors you will know no one else.

  Even in very large cities, people maintain close social ties within small, private social worlds.Indeed, the number and quality of meaningful relationships do not differ between more and less urban people. Small-town residents are more involved with kin than are big-city residents. Yet city dwellers compensate by developing friendships with people who share similar interests and activities. Urbanism may produce a different style of life, but the quality of life does not differ between town and city. Nor are residents of large communities any likelier to display psychological symptoms of stress or alienation, a feeling of not belonging, than are residents of smaller communities. However, city dwellers do worry more about crime, and this leads them to a distrust of strangers.

  These findings do not imply that urbanism makes little or no difference. If neighbors are strangers to one another, they are less likely to sweep the sidewalk of an elderly couple living next door or keep an eye out for young trouble makers. Moreover, as Wirth suggested, there may be a link between a community's population size and its social heterogeneity ( 多样性 ). For instance, sociologists have found much evidence that the size of a community is associated with bad behavior including gambling, drugs, etc. Large-city urbanites are also more likely than their small-town counterparts to have a cosmopolitan (见多识广者的 ) outlook, to display less responsibility to traditional kinship roles, to vote for leftist political candidates, and to be tolerant of nontraditional religious groups, unpopular political groups, and so-called undesirables. Everything considered, heterogeneity and unusual behavior seem to be outcomes of large population size.

36. Which of the following statements best describes the organization of the first paragraph?
A) Two contrasting views are presented.
B) An argument is examined and possible solutions given.
C) Research results concerning the quality of urban life are presented in order of time.
D) A detailed description of the difference between urban and small-town life is given.

37. According to the passage, it was once a common belief that urban residents______.
A) did not have the same interests as their neighbors
B) could not develop long-standing relationships
C) tended to be associated with bad behavior
D) usually had more friends

38. One of the consequences of urban life is that impersonal relationships among neighbors_____.
A) disrupt people's natural relations
B) make them worry about crime
C) cause them not to show concern for one another
D) cause them to be suspicious of each other

39. It can be inferred from the passage that the bigger a community is,______.
A) the better its quality of life
B) the more similar its interests
C) the more tolerant and open-minded it is
D) the likelier it is to display psychological symptoms of stress

40. What is the passage mainly about?
A) Similarities in the interpersonal relationships between urbanites and small-towndwellers.
B) Advantages of living in big cities as compared with living in small towns.
C) The positive role that urbanism plays in modern life.
D) The strong feeling of alienation of city inhabitants.

It is hard to track the blue whale, the ocean's largest creature, which has almost been killed off by commercial whaling and is now listed as an endangered species. Attaching radio devices to it is difficult, and visual sightings are too unreliable to give real insight into its behavior.

  So biologists were delighted early this year when, with the help of the Navy, they were able to track a particular blue whale for 43 days, monitoring its sounds. This was possible because of the Navy's formerly top-secret system of underwater listening devices spanning the oceans.

  Tracking whales is but one example of an exciting new world just opening to civilian scientists after the cold war as the Navy starts to share and partly uncover its global network of underwater listening system built over the decades to track the ships of potential enemies.

  Earth scientists announced at a news conference recently that they had used the system for closely monitoring a deep-sea volcanic eruption (爆发) for the first time and that they plan similar studies.

  Other scientists have proposed to use the network for tracking ocean currents and measuring changes in ocean and global temperatures.

  The speed of sound in water is roughly one mile a second - slower than through land but faster than through air. What is most important, different layers of ocean water can act as channels for sounds, focusing them in the same way a stethoscope (听诊器) does when it carries faint noises from a patient's chest to a doctor's ear. This focusing is the main reason that even relatively weak sounds in the ocean, especially low-frequency ones, can often travel thousands of miles.

  31. The passage is chiefly about ________.

  A) an effort to protect an endangered marine species

  B) the civilian use of a military detection system

  C) the exposure of a U.S. Navy top-secret weapon

  D) a new way to look into the behavior of blue whales

  32. The underwater listening system was originally designed ________.

  A) to trace and locate enemy vessels

  B) to monitor deep-sea volcanic eruptions

  C) to study the movement of ocean currents

  D) to replace the global radio communications network

  33. The deep-sea listening system makes use of ________.

  A) the sophisticated technology of focusing sounds under water

  B) the capability of sound to travel at high speed

  C) the unique property of layers of ocean water in transmitting sound

  D) low-frequency sounds traveling across different layers of water

  34. It can be inferred from the passage that ________.

  A) new radio devices should be developed for tracking the endangered blue whales

  B) blue whales are no longer endangered with the use of the new listening system

  C) opinions differ as to whether civilian scientists should be allowed to use military technology

  D) military technology has great potential in civilian use

  35. Which of the following is true about the U.S. Navy underwater listening network?

  A) It is now partly accessible to civilian scientists.

  B) It has been replaced by a more advanced system.

  C) It became useless to the military after the cold war.

  D) It is indispensable in protecting endangered species.

Consumers are being confused and misled by the hodge-podge (大杂烩) of environmental claims made by household products, according to a “green labeling” study published by Consumers International Friday.
  Among the report’s more outrageous (令人无法容忍的) findings-a German fertilizer described itself as “earthworm friendly” a brand of flour said it was “non-polluting” and a British toilet paper claimed to be “environmentally friendlier”
  The study was written and researched by Britain’s National Consumer Council (NCC) for lobby group Consumer International. It was funded by the German and Dutch governments and the European Commission.
  “ While many good and useful claims are being made, it is clear there is a long way to go in ensuring shoppers are adequately informed about the environmental impact of products they buy,” said Consumers International director Anna Fielder.
  The 10-country study surveyed product packaging in Britain, Western Europe, Scandinavia and the United States. It found that products sold in Germany and the United Kingdom made the most environmental claims on average.
  The report focused on claims made by specific products, such as detergent (洗涤剂) insect sprays and by some garden products. It did not test the claims, but compared them to labeling guidelines set by the International Standards Organization (ISO) in September, 1999.
  Researchers documented claims of environmental friendliness made by about 2,000 products and found many too vague or too misleading to meet ISO standards.
  “Many products had specially-designed labels to make them seem environmentally friendly, but in fact many of these symbols mean nothing,” said report researcher Philip Page.
  “Laundry detergents made the most number of claims with 158. Household cleaners were second with 145 separate claims, while paints were third on our list with 73. The high numbers show how very confusing it must be for consumers to sort the true from the misleading.” he said.
  The ISO labeling standards ban vague or misleading claims on product packaging, because terms such as “environmentally friendly” and “non-polluting” cannot be verified. “What we are now pushing for is to have multinational corporations meet the standards set by the ISO.” said Page.
  31. According to the passage, the NCC found it outrageous that ________.
  A) all the products surveyed claim to meet ISO standards
  B) the claims made by products are often unclear or deceiving
  C) consumers would believe many of the manufactures’ claim
  D) few products actually prove to be environment friendly
  32. As indicated in this passage, with so many good claims, the consumers ________.
  A) are becoming more cautious about the products they are going to buy
  B) are still not willing to pay more for products with green labeling
  C) are becoming more aware of the effects different products have on the environment
  D) still do not know the exact impact of different products on the environment
  33. A study was carried out by Britain’s NCC to ________.
  A) find out how many claims made by products fail to meet environmental standards
  B) inform the consumers of the environmental impact of the products they buy
  C) examine claims made by products against ISO standards
  D) revise the guidelines set by the International Standards Organization
  34. What is one of the consequences caused by the many claims of household products?
  A) They are likely to lead to serious environmental problems.
  B) Consumers find it difficult to tell the true from the false.
  C) They could arouse widespread anger among consumer.
  D) Consumers will be tempted to buy products they don’t need
  35. It can be inferred from the passage that the lobby group Consumer International wants to ________.
  A) make product labeling satisfy ISO requirements
  B) see all household products meet environmental standards
  C) warn consumers of the danger of so-called green products
  D) verify the efforts of non-polluting products

It is no secret among athletes that in order to improve performance youve got to work hard。 However， hard training breaks you down and makes you weaker。 It is rest that ma kes you stronger。 Improvement only occurs during the rest period following hard training。 This adaptation is accomplished by improving efficiency of the heart and certain systems within the muscle cells。 During recovery periods these systems build to greater levels to compensate for the stress that you have applied。 The result is that you are now at a higher level of performance。
If sufficient rest is not included in a training program， imbalance between excess training and inadequate rest will occur， and performance will decline。 The overtraining syndrome（综合症） is the name given to the collection of emotional， behavioral， and physical symptoms due to overtraining that has persisted for weeks to months。 It is marked by cumulative exhaustion that persists even after recovery periods。
The most common symptom is fatigue。 This may limit workouts and may be present at rest。 The athlete may also become moody， easily irritated， have altered sleep patterns， become depressed，orlose the competitive desire and enthusiasm for the sport。 Some will report decreased appetite and weight loss。 Physical symptoms include persistent muscular soreness， increased frequency of viral （病毒性的） illnesses， and increased incidence of injuries。
The treatment for the overtraining syndrome is rest。 The longer the overtraining has occurred， the more rest required。 Therefore， early detection is very important。 If the overtraining has only occurred for a short period of time（e。g。 3-4 weeks） then interrupting training for 3-5 days is usually sufficient rest。 It is important that the factors that lead to overtraining be identified and corrected。 Otherwise， the overtraining syndrome is likely to recur。 The overtraining syndrome should be considered in any athlete who manifests symptoms of prolonged fatigue and whose performance has leveled offordecreased。 It is important to exclude any underlying illness that may be responsible for the fatigue。
36。 The first paragraph of the passage tells us that 。
【A】 the harder an athlete trains， the better his performance will be
【B】 rest after vigorous training improves an athletes performance
【C】 strict systematic training is essential to an athletes top performance
【D】 improvement of an athletes performance occurs in the course of training
37。 Byovertrainingthe author means 。
【A】 a series of physical symptoms that occur after training 【B】 undue emphasis on the importance of physical exertion
【C】 training that is not adequately compensated for by rest 【D】 training that has exceeded an athletes emotional limits
38。 What does the passage tell us about theovertrainingsyndrome？
【A】 It occurs when athletes lose interest in sports。
【B】 It appears right after a hard training session。
【C】 The fatigue it results in is unavoidable in the athletes training process。
【C】 It manifests itself in fatigue which lingers even after a recovery period。
39。 What does the phraselevel off（Line 6， Para。4）most probably mean？
【A】 Slow down。 【B】 Become dull。
【C】 Stop improving。 【D】 Be on the decline。
4 0。 The author advises at the end of the passage that 。
【A】 overtraining syndrome should be treated as a serious illness
【B】 overtraining syndrome should be prevented before it occurs
【C】 an athlete with overtraining syndrome should take a lengthy rest
【D】 illness causing fatigue should not be mistaken for overtraining syndrome

Just five one-hundredths of an inch thick, light golden in color and with a perfect “saddle curl,” the Lay’s potato chip seems an unlikely weapon for global domination. But its maker, Frito-Lay, thinks otherwise. “Potato chips are a snack food for the world,” said Salman Amin, the company’s head of global marketing. Amin believes there is no corner of the world that can resist the charms of a Frito-Lay potato chip.

  Frito-Lay is the biggest snack maker in America, owned by PepsiCo, and accounts for over half of the parent company’s $3 billion annual profits. But the U.S. snack food market is largely saturated, and to grow, the company has to look overseas.

  Its strategy rests on two beliefs: first, a global product offers economies of scale with which local brands cannot compete, and second, consumers in the 21st century are drawn to “global” as a concept. “Global” does not mean products that are consciously identified as American, but ones that consumers ? especially young people ? see as part of a modem, innovative(创新的) world in which people are linked across cultures by shared beliefs and tastes. Potato chips are an American invention, but most Chinese, for instance, do not know that Frito-Lay is an American company. Instead, Riskey, the company’s research and development head, would hope they associate the brand with the new world of global communications and business.

  With brand perception a crucial factor, Riskey ordered a redesign of the Frito-Lay logo(标识). The logo, along with the company’s long-held marketing image of the “irresistibility” of its chips, would help facilitate the company’s global expansion.

  The executives acknowledge that they try to swing national eating habits to a food created in America, but they deny that amounts to economic imperialism. Rather, they see Frito-Lay as spreading the benefits of free enterprise across the world. “We’re making products in those countries, we’re adapting them to the tastes of those countries, building businesses and employing people and changing lives,” said Steve Reinemund, PepsiCo’s chief executive.
21. It is the belief of Frito-Lay’s head of global marketing that _____.

  A) potato chips can hardly be used as a weapon to dominate the world market

  B) their company must find new ways to promote domestic sales

  C) the light golden color enhances the charm of their company’s potato chips

  {D) people all over the world enjoy eating their company’s potato chips}

  22. What do we learn about Frito-Lay from Paragraph 2?

  A) Its products used to be popular among overseas consumers.

  B) Its expansion has caused fierce competition in the snack marker.

  C) It gives half of its annual profits to its parent company.

  {D) It needs to turn to the world market for development.}

  23. One of the assumptions on which Frito-Lay bases its development strategy is that _____.

  {A) consumers worldwide today are attracted by global brands}

  B) local brands cannot compete successfully with American brands

  C) products suiting Chinese consumers’ needs bring more profits

  D) products identified as American will have promising market value

  24. Why did Riskey have the Frito-Lay logo redesigned?

  A) To suit changing tastes of young consumers.

  {B) To promote the company’s strategy of globalization. }

  C) To change the company’s long-held marketing image.

  D) To compete with other American chip producers.

  25. Frito-Lay’s executives claim that the promoting of American food in the international market _____.

  A) won’t affect the eating habits of the local people


  B) will lead to economic imperialism

  {C) will be in the interest of the local people}

  D) won’t spoil the taste of their chips

以上是阅读理解    下面是完形填空。。。。。

The Central Problem of Economics
The central problem of economics is to satisfy the people’s and nation’s wants.
The problem we faced with is that our resources，here identified as money are _1__.
The only way we can solve the problem is to _2__ choices.After looking at our resources，we must examine our list of _3__ and identify the things we need immediately ， _4_ we can postpone，and those we cannot afford.As individuals，we face the central problem involved in economics---decideing how to allocate our limited resources to _5__ ourselves with greatest satisfaction of our wants.
Nations face __6_ problem. As a country’s population_7__， the need for more goods and services grows correspondingly. Resources necessary to production may increase，but there _8__ are enough resources to satisfy the total desires of a nation.Whether the budget meeting is _9__ in the family living room，in the conference room of the corporation __10_ of directors，or in the chamber of the House of Representatives in Washington，the basic problem still exists.We need to find _11__ of allocating limited resources in order to satisfy unlimited wants.
A short time ago，economists _12__ goods into two categories，free and economic.The former.，like air and water，were in _13__ abundance that economists had no concern for them.After all，economists is the _14__ of scarcity and what to do about it.Today many of these “free goods“ are _15__ very expensive to use.Population has made clean air and water _16__ for producers who have to filter their waste products，for consumers who ultimately _17__ the producer’s extra cost，and _18__ taxpayers who pay for the government’s involvement _19__ the environment.
In the 1990s，almost all goods are scares.Only by effort and money_20__ obtained in the from people wish.
1） A abundant B scarce C limited D unlimited
2） A have B do C make D ask
3） A want B resources C want D problem
4） A some B others







C that D those
5） A bring B provide C take D satisfy
6） A another B the same C the other D a same
7） A growing B grown C grows D grow
8） A sometimes B always C often D never
9） A taking place B happening C replacing D taking the place
10） A board B group C management D function
11） A means B approach C ways D method
12） A seperate B divide C cut D divided
13） A a so B great C such D such an
14） A study B form C means D source
15） A particularly B in practice C pracitally D in reality
16） A cheaper B more expensive C expensive D cheap
17） A pay for Bwill pay for C use D will use
18） A the B with C for D also
19） A cleaning B in cleaning C about cleaning D clean
20） A they can be B they must be C must they be D can they be